Background and Objectives: In the recent years, we confront to harmful effects of toxins such as herbicides on aquatic species due to irregular consumption of these compounds in agricultural operations and drainage of them to water ecosystems. In the present study, the effect of 2,4-D + MCPA “the frequently used herbicide in Kurdistan province” was assessed on the hematological parameters and liver enzymes in rainbow trout as the main aquatic species farmed in this area.Materials and Methods: After determination of LC50 using Probit model, 60 healthy trout fish with an average weight of 97 g were divided into two groups. The first group was considered as control and in the second treatment group, 1 cc/L herbicide (equivalent to 360 mg/L 2,4-D + 315 mg/L MCPA) was used. After 72 hours, hematology parameters including total number of red and white blood cells, differential count of white blood cells, hematocrit, and serum levels of ALT and AST enzymes were measured.Results: The values of blood tests including leukocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils in the toxin group was significantly increased in comparison with control group, whereas, the values of lymphocytes, erythrocytes and hematocrit were significantly decreased in toxin group compared with the control (p<0.05). There was no difference between the level of neutrophils in the treatment and control groups. The levels of liver enzymes, ALT and AST, in the treatment group increased significantly compared with the control group (P<0.05). The mortality rate after of 72 hours was 25% in the group treated with the toxin.Conclusions: Erythrocytes and hematocrit amounts of blood in rainbow trout were decreased due to exposure to 2,4-D + MCPA herbicide that eventually leads to oxygen deficiency and inefficient blood supply. The contact of red blood cells and hematopoietic tissues to toxin and destruction of them are led to loss of the cells in the blood. On the other hand, liver, kidney and gills autopsy of the wasted fish and the increasing of liver enzymes in the blood and tissues showed that exposure to the toxin lead to damages in fish blood cells and tissues.

An attempt to synthesize an active photocatalyst for 2-methyl-4-CHLOROPHENOXYACETIC acid removal has been accomplished. Black light (main emission wavelength at 365 nm) photocatalytic experiments with bare and N-doped titania have been carried out, and the results compared to those obtained in the presence of titania Degussa P-25. Doping percentage and calcination temperature influences have been investigated in photocatalytic runs using pure and commercial 2-methyl-4-CHLOROPHENOXYACETIC acid. In no case, the results obtained with synthesized titania improved the activity of P-25. Some kinetic tests allowed for the proposal of a pseudoempirical reaction mechanism capable of acceptably simulating the process in the presence of P-25. From the proposed mechanism, the roles played by hydroxyl, peroxyl and organic radicals have been suggested.

The present investigation examines the synergistic interactions between seaweed extract (SE) and 4-CHLOROPHENOXYACETIC acid (4-CPA) concerning the growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in field settings. A randomized block design was implemented to evaluate a range of treatments, encompassing combinations of SE, 4-CPA, and the recommended fertilizer dose (Rf). Treatments undertaken in this study were Eight T0= Control, T1 = Rf (Recommended dose of fertilizer), T2= SE (SEAWEED Extract) 2ml/litter, T3= 4CPA 3ml/litter, T4= T1(Rf)+T2(SE) 2 ml/L, T5= T1(Rf)+ T3(4CPA) 3 ml/L, T6= SE +4 CPA (2 ml/L + 3 ml/L), T7= RF + SE +4 CPA (2 ml/L + 3 ml/L). The T7 treatment (Rf + SE + 4-CPA) exhibited the most pronounced enhancements across all growth parameters, including plant height, leaf count, leaf area, fruit size, dry weight, and yield, significantly exceeding the control (T0) and other treatment groups. At 75 days post-transplanting (DAT), T7 (Rf + SE + 4-CPA) registered a plant height of 107.7 cm, a leaf area of 418.5 cm², and a yield of 9.2 tons/ha, signifying a substantial improvement in both vegetative and reproductive growth. The integrated application of SE (SEAWEED Extract) and 4-CPA (4-CHLOROPHENOXYACETIC acid) optimized nutrient uptake, stress tolerance, and metabolic activity, while 4-CPA (4-CHLOROPHENOXYACETIC acid) further facilitated cellular division and elongation. These findings highlight the potential of employing integrated strategies involving biostimulants and growth regulators to enhance okra productivity, thereby underscoring their significance in sustainable agricultural practices.

Ionic associates of basic fuchsin have been used as an electrochemical sensing probe for the potentiometric determination of 2, 4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC acid (2, 4-D) and 4-CHLOROPHENOXYACETIC acid (4-CPA). The influence of the membrane composition on the electroanalytical characteristics of the electrodes has been established. The effect of the modifying additive (N, N, N', N'-tetramethylethylenediamine) on the chemical and analytical characteristics of the electrodes is shown. The sensors can be used for the determination of 2, 4-D (4-CPA) in an analytical range of 1 × 10-4 to 3 × 10-2 M with LOD as 10-5 M. For 2, 4-D ISE, a hyper-Nernstian function was observed. The sensors have been applied for the determination of 4-CPA and 2, 4-D in model solutions of pesticide preparations.

The objective of this study was to achieve improved induction of embryogenesis in bread wheat microspores. Some F1 hybrids i.e M85-6×90, M85-8×90, mv17×shiroudi, mv17×kavir and kavir×bam were used. Microspores were cultured in A2 medium containing different amounts of maltose (60 & 90 g/lit) depending on the genotype used. Analysis of variance for embryogenesis and regenerable embryos showed a highly significant difference between hybrids but there was no significant difference between the media (A2-60 & A2-90) and no interaction effects. M85-6×90, mv17×Shiroudi and mv17×kavir produced the highest ratio of embryogenesis among the hybrids. In the regeneration phase, mv17×Shiroudi and M85-6×90 had the highest frequency of regenerable embryos. The effect of 2,4-D as a novel inducer of microspores embryogenesis in Falat was investigated. Falat is known as the most responsive wheat cultivar to microspore culture technology,. Microspores were subjected to 2,4-D at 3 different concentrations of 15, 25, 35 mg/l for 30 minutes while microspores without any stress treatment were used as the control. The embryogenesis of microspores stressed with 2,4-D were better than that of the control. The highest embryogenesis yield was achieved at 15 mg/l 2,4-D. The most regenerated embryos were obtained at 2,4-D concentrations of 15 and 25 mg/l. According to the results obtained, 2,4-D is introduced as a new embryogenesis inducer in microspores of wheat.

Rosemary plant extract as a natural anti-oxidant is 4 times stronger than synthetic anti-oxidant like BHT and BHA. For this reason, it has been under attention not only for its anti-oxidant properties rather for its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, and anti-virus properties in different studies. This research investigates the effects of temperature, time, pH, and substance concentration in the labeling of irradiated rosmarinic acid by radioisotope gallium-67 as a high-resolution imaging agent for SPECT imaging. In this study, gamma irradiated rosmarinic acid nanoparticles at 20 kGy and 30 kGy levels in two concentrations of 0.5 and 1% were radiolabeled by gallium-67 radioisotope produced in Karaj cyclotron, and their efficiency and radiochemical purity were compared. Labeling conditions (including pH, temperature, time, and compound concentration) were investigated. Quality control was performed by thin-layer chromatography (RTLC). Resulting from the experiments, 30 kGy level and 1% concentration at 45 °C for 30 minutes at pH = 5.5-6 proved to be the best time for labeling rosemary nanoparticles, and the highest radiochemical purity achieved was 95%; radio conjugate also showed good stability after 12 hours.

Introduction: Hemophilia is one of the most important coagulation disorders. At the present time the current treatment is factor replacement which may lead to many socio-economic problems and also transmission of some viral infections. In this study we evaluate an alternative treatment to factor replacement to decrease the aforementioned problems. Material and Methods: This was an interventional study and the statistical population included all Hemophilia patients that referred to Besat Hospital. They were randomly divided into two groups: an intervention group of 13 patients and a control group of 15 patients. Tranexamic acid was only used for the intervention group (15 patients). Then the data was assessed by spss win software. Results: In the intervention group bleeding episodes were reduced significantly (from 4.07 episodes per month to 3 episodes per month) and so was the need for factor replacement (from 80.1 u/kg/m to 58.7 u/kg/m). In the control group bleeding episodes and the need for factor replacement did not differ prior to and during the study. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that daily prophylactic use of TEA is effective in reducing bleeding episodes and decreasing the need for factor replacement in hemophilia patients. However, due to increased PTT and decreased serum clotting factors in patients, the risk of life threatening bleeding is likely to be high. Thus we don’t recommend the use of TEA as a prophylactic measure in hemophilia.